Class Note 10.Geography.Chapter1.Resources and Development
कृण्वन्तो विश्वमार्यम.
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Developed Updated at New Delhi.
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Evaluator / Observers of the page.
Dr. Telpal Singh. ( Prof.) Nainital. Department of Science
Dr. Roopkala Prasad. (Prof.) Department of English.
Dr. Bhawana.(Prof.) Department of Geography.
Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha. Department of History.
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Class X.
S.St. NCERT. Class Notes. Chapter 1.Geography
S.St. NCERT. Class Notes. Chapter 1.Geography
Session 22 – 23.Class Notes
Resources and Development.
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Chapter 1
Chapter : Resources and Development.
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Glossary : Words.
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Glossary : Page 1.
Resources : Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation, and minerals are called natural resources. Resources are materials which can be transformed in such a way that they become more valuable and useful for fulfilling human needs.
Types of Resources : Resources are classified into various categories such as natural and human-made, renewable and non-renewable, individual, community, national and
international resources.
Natural Resources : Natural resources include land, soil, water, vegetation, wildlife, minerals and power resources are in nature.
Man Made Resource : Resources created by humans are called human-made resources like engineering, technology, machines, buildings, monuments paintings and social institutions.
Biotic Resources : obtained from the biosphere like forests, wildlife, fisheries, livestock, human beings, etc., which have life, are called biotic resources.
Abiotic Resources : Resources which are obtained from non-living things are called abiotic resources. Iron, copper, gold and lead are abiotic resources.
Resources which are obtained from non-living things are called abiotic resources. Iron,
copper, gold and lead are abiotic resources.
Human Resources : These resources are made up of the human beings living in the world. They are the most important resource of a nation.
Renewable Resources : Some resources have the ability to renew
themselves in a given period of time. Plants and animals have the ability to regenerate.
Non-Renewable Resources : Minerals are non-renewable resources. They cannot be remade. Some of the important renewable resources are water, forests, solar, wind and tidal energy.
themselves in a given period of time. Plants and animals have the ability to regenerate.
Minerals are non-renewable resources. They cannot be remade. Some of the important
renewable resources are water, forests, solar, wind and tidal energy.
Resource Development : Some natural resources cannot be used directly. While using the natural resources, we must keep in mind the nature, type and the size of the resources. Ocean water, solar energy, wind energy and climate are inexhaustible resources. Iron, tin, copper, gold, and silver are exhaustible but reusable resources. We must reuse and recycle the resources.
Inside questions
Q.1. What do you understand by Resource ?
Answer : Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.
Q.2. Classify resources on the basis of exhaustibility.
Answer: Renewable and non-renewable resources.
Q.3.Classify resources on the basis of development.
Answer: Potential, developed stock and reserves.
Q.4.Give an example of Biotic resources.
Answer : Human beings, flora and fauna are examples of biotic resources.
Q.5.What types of resources are solar and wind energy ?
Answer : Solar and wind energy are renewable resources.
Q.6. Mention a non-renewable source that cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.
Answer: Fossil fuel.
Q.7.What do you understand by international resources ? Give example.
Answer :These resources are regulated by international institutions. Examples are the oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no [ individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.
Q.8. What are developed resources ?
Answer: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.
Q.9.Which are the results of using resources indiscriminately by human beings ? Mention any one.
Answer: Accumulation of resources in a few hands.
Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
Q.10.What is sustainable development ?
Answer : Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations’.
Q.11.What was the object of Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992 ?
Answer: The Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.
Q.12.What is Agenda 21 ?
Answer : It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nation’s Conference on Environment and Development which took place at Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
Q.13.Which states in India are rich in minerals and coal deposits ?
Answer: Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
Q.14.How did Gandhiji voice his concern about resource conservation ?
Answer: Gandhiji said, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.”
Q.15.What was the main reason for the colonial countries to exploit resources of countries under their control ?
Answer: High level of technological development.
Q.16.What are ravines ?
Answer :The land that becomes unfit for cultivation is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
Q.17. What is the significance of the shelter belts in the desert in western India ?
Answer: The shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India.
Descriptive Question.
Q.1. What is meant for the Resource Planning ?
Answer : This is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources. Resource
planning consists of three stages — planning consists of three stages —
Preparation of an inventory of resources — This stage includes surveying, mapping and measurement of characteristics and properties of resources.
Evaluation in terms of availability for development — This stage includes the
examination of resources from the point of view of technology, economy, and need.
examination of resources from the point of view of technology, economy, and need.
Planning of exploitation of resources — This stage is related to systematic planning
which emphasizes on the use and reuse of the resources. Resource planning helps to reduce
wastage and keeps the environment pollution free.
Conservation of resources — The management of resources by the humans is known as
conservation. It is the judicious and planned use of the natural resources
which emphasizes on the use and reuse of the resources. Resource planning helps to reduce
wastage and keeps the environment pollution free.
Conservation of resources — The management of resources by the humans is known as
conservation. It is the judicious and planned use of the natural resources.
Q.2 What do you mean by Land resources —
Answer : India has a variety of relief features like mountains, plateaus, and plains. 43% of the country is covered by plains and they provide cultivable land for growing crops. 30% of the country is covered by mountains and they provide natural resources like forests and wildlife. 27% of the country is covered by plateaus which contain mineral resources, forests and some arable land.
Total area of India is 3.28 million square kilometers. 44% of the total land area of India is the net sown area. 22% is covered by forests, 4% is a culturable waste, 11% is fallow land, 4% are permanent pastures, 14% land is not available for cultivation and 1% is covered by miscellaneous tree crops.
The land use pattern in India is determined by both physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability, and culture and traditions etc.
The degradation of natural vegetation is caused by overgrazing by animals, deforestation, careless management of forests and degradation of land. At present, about 130 million hectares of degraded land exists in India.
Q.3. What is soil ? What are types ?
Answer : Soil : The uppermost layer of the earth’s crust, which is loose, fragmented and useful for plants is called soil.
Soil Formation : The factors that contribute to the formation and fertility of the soil are parent rocks, climate, plant, animal and local topography. The soils are made out of rocks.
The rocks disintegrate and decompose under the processes of weathering and erosion.
Soil Types : The soils of India are classified into the following types —
a. Alluvial Soil b. Black Soil c. Red Soil d. Laterite Soil e. Mountain Soil f. Desert Soil.
Alluvial Soil : It is of two types — khadar and banger. It is found mainly in the Northern Plains and Coastal Strips of the Eastern Coast.
Black Soil: It is derived from the Deccan Traps. It occurs in areas like Maharashtra, Western Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. It is known for the cultivation of cotton.
Red Soil: It is formed in areas of igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is found in parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, and Jharkhand.
Laterite Soil: It is the intensively leached soil of the monsoon climate. It is found in the hills of the Deccan, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and parts of Assam and Meghalaya.
Mountain Soil: It is characterized by the deposition of organic materials derived from the vegetative cover. It is found in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern ranges, Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
Desert Soil: It is found in the arid areas of Rajasthan, Punjab, and Haryana.
Soil Erosion : The removal of soil from one place to another by some natural agent is called soil erosion. Conservation of lands and plantation of trees are the methods adopted to reduce soil erosion.
Text Book Exercises
1.Multiple choice questions.
Q.1.Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore?
(a) Renewable
(b) Flow
(c) Biotic
(d) Non-renewable
Answer: (d) Non-renewable.
Q.2. Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put ?
(a) Replenishable
(b) Abiotic
(c) Human-made
(d) Non-recyclable
Answer: (a) Replenishable.
Q.3.Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation
(b) Over irrigation
(c) Deforestation
(d) Overgrazing
Answer: (a) Intensive cultivation
Q.4.In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?
(a) Punjab
(b) Haryana
(c) Plains of Uttar Pradesh
(d) Uttarakhand
Answer: (d) Uttarakhand
Q.5.In which of the following states is the black soil found?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Gujarat
(d) Jharkhand.
Answer: (c) Gujarat.
Q.2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
Question 1. Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
Answer: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh. Cotton is the crop which is mainly grown in the black soil.
Question 2. Which type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Answer: Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast.
The three main features of this type of soil are;
1. It contains proportions of sand, silt and clay;
2. It is highly fertile land; and
3. It contains proportion of potash, phosphoric, acid and lime.
Question 3. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
Answer: The following steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas
a. Deforestation should be stopped;
b. Over-grazing needs to be controlled; and
c. Steps can be taken to control the running water.
Question 4. What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Answer: Biotic resources are those which are obtained from biosphere. Such resources have life. Some examples of biotic resources are: human, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
Abiotic resources are all those which are composed of non-living things. These include rocks and metals.
Q.3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(a) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?
Answer: Land utilization is useful for vegetation, wildlife, human life and economic activities. The land resources are used for forest, farming, pastures, industries and the like. The land use pattern in India can be stated through the following figure: Figure.: 1 indicates the land use pattern in 2003-04 and Figure: 2, that of 1960-61 Figure 1: General land use categories 2000-2003.
Forest
Area under non-agricultural use
Barren and wasteland
Permanent Pastures and Grazing land
Area under misc. Tree crops and Groves
Culturable Waste
Fallow other than Current Fallow
- Current Fallow
- Net Sown Area
Figure 2: General land use categories 1960-61 Forest
Area under non-agricultural use
Barren and wasteland
Permanent Pastures and Grazing land
Area under misc. Tree crops and Groves ‘
Cultural Wasteland
Fallow other than current Fallow’
Current Fallow
(b) Net Sown Area – The land use under the forest cover has, since 1960-61, increased 4.56%, though land under forest cover has to be around one-third of the total land. Indeed, the increase has not been much. The main reasons are: over-grazing still continues and forest land is oftenly made use of for purposes such as farming and industries.
(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Answer:
As we develop economically and technically, the consumption of our natural resources increase. Resources help us develop and this development is possible only through the development of oitr technology techniques and machines. More we use technology, more we exploit out natural resources and more we consume them which ultimately lead us to development.
The availability of resources is no guarantee for development of people. Development requires development of technology technote to use and consume our resources. Resources contribute to our development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development. The use and consumption of resource constitute the use of technology on the one hand and the resultant development of the society on the other.
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