Class Note 10. Geography. Chapter 2.Forest and Wildlife Resources.

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Dr. Telpal Singh. ( Prof.) Nainital. Department of Science

 Dr. Roopkala Prasad. (Prof.) Department of English.

Dr. Bhawana.(Prof.) Department of Geography.

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Forest and Wildlife Resources.

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Class 10. Class Note 10.

Geography. Chapter 2.

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Glossary.

Biosphere : Part of the earth which is covered by living organisms both plants and animals.

Ecosystem : An integrated unit consisting of the community of living organisms and the physical environment.

Flora : Plants of a particular region or period are referred to as flora.

Fauna : Species of animals are known as fauna.

Forest : Extensive area covered with trees.

Wildlife Sanctuary : A reserved area for preserving natural beauty, e.g., wildlife.

Biodiversity : It is the sum total of all the varieties of species of plants, animals and micro-organisms living on the earth.

Wasteland : Land which is not fit for cultivation.

Normal species : The species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle, sal, pine, rodents, etc.

Endangered species : The species which are in danger of extinction.

Vulnerable species : These are some species whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors continue to operate.

Rare species : Species with small population may move into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate.,

Endemic species : These are species which are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. For example Nicobar pigeon.

Extinct species : These are species which are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck.

The Indian Wildlife Act : It was an act implemented in 1972, with various provisions for protecting natural habitats.

Reserved Forests : These are the most valuable forests as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.

Protected forests : These are the forests which are protected from any further depletion.

Unclassed forests : These are forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

Permanent forests : Reserved and protected forests are referred as permanent forest estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce and for protective reasons.

Chipko Movement : It was a movement launched by the people of the Himalayas against deforestation.

Joint Forest Management : It was a programme launched for management and restoration of degraded forests.

Inside Questions/ Answers

Q.1.What is biodiversity?

Answer: It is the sum total of all the varieties of species of plants, animals and microorganisms living on the earth.

Q.2. What is flora?

Answer: Plants of particular region or period are referred to as flora.

Q.3. What is fauna?

Answer: Species of animals of a particular region or period are referred fauna .

Q.4.“ India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity”. Justify.

Answer: India has nearly 8% of the total number of species in the world.

Q.5.What is IUCN?

Answer: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Q.6. What are normal species?

Answer: Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival are classified as normal species.

Q.7. Give two examples of rare species?

Answer: (i) Wild Asiatic buffalo (ii) Hombill

Q.8. Categorise the following as endangered or vulnerable species- Asiatic elephant, Indian Rhino.

Answer: (i) Asiatic elephant – Vulnerable species.

(ii) Indian Rhino – Endangered species.

Q.9.Categorise the following as extinct or normal species- Pine, Asiatic Cheetah.

Answer: (i) Pine – Normal species

(ii) Asiatic Cheetah – Extinct species

Q.10.Mention any wildlife protection programme?

Answer: The Indian Wildlife Act 1972.

Q.11. What are permanent forests?

Answer: Reserved and protected forests are known as permanent forests.

Q.12. Name any two states which’ have large percentage of reserved forests of its forest area. [CBSE 2014]

Answer: Jammu and Kashmir and Andhra Pradesh.

Q.13. What is Chipko Movement?

Answer: It was a movement launched by the people of the Himalayas against deforest.

Q.14. What is JFM?

Answer: JFM (Joint Forest Management) was a movement launched to manage and restore degraded forests by involving the local communities.

Q.15.Name the state which was first to pass the JFM resolution. [CBSE 2014]

Answer: Odisha

Text Book Questions / Answers

Q.1.  Multiple choice questions.

(i)Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?

(a) Agricultural expansion.

(b) Large scale developmental projects.

(c) Grazing and fuelwood collection.

(d) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.

Answer : Grazing and fuelwood collection.

(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?

(a) Joint forest management

(b) Beej Bachao Andolan

(c) Chipko Movement

(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

Answer : Demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries

Q.2.Match the following animals with their category of existence.

 

Animals/ plants	Category of existence
Black Buck	Extinct
Asiatic Elephant	Rare
Andaman wild pig	Endangered
Himalayan Brown Bear	Vulnerable
Pink Head Duck	Endemic

Answer :
 

Animals/Plants	Category of existence
Black Buck	Endangered
Asiatic Elephant	Vulnerable
Andaman wild pig	Endemic
Himalayan Brown Bear	Rare
Pink Head Duck	Extinct

2. Match the following.
 

Reserved Forests	Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities
Protected Forests	Forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources
Unclassed Forests	Forest lands are protected from any further depletion

 

Q. 3.Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Mention diversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?

Answer :- Biodiversity is made up of various types of life forms found on earth. It is a measure of variation at the ecosystem, species and genetic level. Biodiversity is abundant in Tropical areas. Tropical areas cover 10 per cent of the earth surface, but they host 90% of the world species.

Contribution of biodiversity in human lives:-

Agriculture – Variety of Plant species meet our needs for food.

Their contribution to business and industry

(a)  Leisurely activities

(b.) Ecological services

(ii) Have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain

Answer : Various river valley projects have affected the flora and fauna

Many illegal Mining projects have depleted the flora and fauna

Too many development projects for leisure activities in the forests have negatively affected.

Too many human activities in the forest area due to rising population and lack of space has created human-animal conflict.

Q.4.Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India.

Answer: Chipko Movement : The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted deforestation in several areas but has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.

Certain societies revere a particular tree which they have preserved from time immemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees. The tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings. To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are considered sacred.

In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and are explicitly rejecting government involvement. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.

(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.

Answer : In India, joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example of involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for joint forest management. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by ‘successful protection’. The clear lesson from the dynamics of both environmental destruction and reconstruction in India is that local communities everywhere have to be involved in some kind of natural resource management. But there is still a long way to go before local communities are at the centre stage in decision-making. Accept only those economic or developmental activities, that are people-centric, environment-friendly and economically rewarding.