X.Civics.Class Notes The Power Sharing.
कृण्वन्तो विश्वमार्यम.
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Developed Updated at New Delhi.
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Evaluator / Observers of the page.
Dr. Telpal Singh. ( Prof.) Nainital. Department of Science
Dr. Roopkala Prasad. (Prof.) Department of English.
Dr. Bhawana.(Prof.) Department of Geography.
Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha. Department of History.
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Class X.
S.St. NCERT. Class Notes. Chapter 1
S.St. NCERT. Class Notes. Chapter 1
Session 21 – 22. 17th of February 2020.
The Power Sharing.
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---------------------- Our guiding forces.
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Chapter 1
POWER SHARING.OBJECTIVE SECTION.
POWER SHARING.OBJECTIVE SECTION.
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Glossary : Words.
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Alienation - isolation or conveyance
Autonomy - the right of a person, an organization, a region, etc. to govern or control his/her own affairs
Distrust - the feeling that you cannot believe somebody/something; a lack of trust
Ethnic - A social division based on shared culture, people belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or both. They need not always have the same religion or nationality.Majoritarianism :- A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and need of the minority
Conflict - a fight or an argument
Civil War - A violent conflict between opposing group within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war.
Prudential : - Based on prudence, or on careful calculation of gains and losses. Prudential decisions are usually contrasted with decisions based purely on moral considerations.
Civil War - A violent conflict between opposing group within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war.
Prudential : - Based on prudence, or on careful calculation of gains and losses. Prudential decisions are usually contrasted with decisions based purely on moral considerations.
Strife -trouble or fighting between people or groups
Tyranny - the cruel and unfair use of power by a person or small group to control a country or state
Unilateral - done or made by one person who is involved in something without the agreement of the other person or people
Virtue - behavior which shows high moral standards.
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Persons :
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Events : Dates
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Inside Questions / Answers :
Inside Questions / Answers :
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Chapter 1
POWER SHARING.SUBJECTIVE SECTION.
POWER SHARING.SUBJECTIVE SECTION.
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NCERT BOOK : Exercise
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Q.1. What are the different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.
Answer : In modern democracies, the different forms of power sharing are given below with an example of each :
Answer : In modern democracies, the different forms of power sharing are given below with an example of each :
(a) Power sharing among different organs of government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. It is called horizontal distribution pf power
For example, in India Parliament enacts laws. Executive executes or implements them and judiciary checks the functioning of executive or laws made by the leg statures.
(b) Power sharing among governments at different levels :
For example, in India Parliament enacts laws. Executive executes or implements them and judiciary checks the functioning of executive or laws made by the leg statures.
(b) Power sharing among governments at different levels :
There are governments at the National, State and Local levels. Powers are divided among these governments. For example in India, there is a division of powers between Center and the States. There are three lists i.e., Union list, State list and Concurrent list. The residuary powers which have not been included in the three lists are with the Central Government.
(c) Power sharing among different social groups :
Sometimes religious and linguistic groups too share power as is the case in Belgium where there is a 'community government' which is elected by people belonging to one language community no matter where they live.
Such government enjoys power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.
(d) Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements : In a democracy political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. Sometimes power is shared by different political parties having different ideologies. Such alliances form coalition government.
(c) Power sharing among different social groups :
Sometimes religious and linguistic groups too share power as is the case in Belgium where there is a 'community government' which is elected by people belonging to one language community no matter where they live.
Such government enjoys power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.
(d) Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements : In a democracy political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. Sometimes power is shared by different political parties having different ideologies. Such alliances form coalition government.
Another way of Writing.
1.What are the different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.Answer : There are different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies. These are given below:
(a) Horizontal distribution of power – Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example – India
(b) The federal division of power – Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example – India (Union Government & State Government)
(c) Community government – Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. Example – Belgium
(d) Power-sharing between political parties, pressure groups and movements – Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.
Q.2.State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power-sharing with an example from the Indian contextAns:- (i) (a) India is a country of multicultural society. It has its diversities in its culture.
(b) India is a democratic country freeness should be given to all.
Another way of Writing.
Q.2. State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power-sharing with an example from the Indian context.
Answer : While prudential reasons stress that power-sharing will bring out better outcomes. In India, the power is shared horizontally among various organs of government. The Legislature, Executive and Judiciary are responsible for administering India. Reservation is applicable in India, where various sections are given benefits over others to avoid conflicts.
Moral reasons emphasise the very act of power-sharing as valuable. In India, citizens are conferred with fundamental rights and directive principles of state policies are implied on the government.
Q.3.After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why ? Give your reasons in about 50 words.Answer : These are three students that drew their different conclusions.
Thomman – Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions.
Mattai – Power sharing is suited only for big countries that have regional divisions.
Ousep – Every society needs some form of power sharing even if they are small or do not have social divisions.
Mattai – Power sharing is suited only for big countries that have regional divisions.
Ousep – Every society needs some form of power sharing even if they are small or do not have social divisions.
Another way of Writing.
Q.3. After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Answer : These are three students that drew their different conclusions.
Thomman – Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions.
Mathayi – Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions.
Ouseph – Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions.
Reasons in about 50 words.
If there are different communities in a country they should try to accommodate each other as has been done in Belgium – where the French-speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the central government.
Another way of Writing.
Reasons in about 50 words.
Answer. Ouseph’s conclusion is the right one. Every state should have some or the other form of power-sharing. Power-sharing ensures an optimum balance between different sections in the society. The chances of conflict lessen, and so does the injustice. Hence, power-sharing becomes the value of democracy. Also, power-sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order
Q.4. The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements ?
Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Answer : The ban on speaking French in the town’s schools in Merchtem is not in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power-sharing arrangements because this is a Flemish town. Dutch is spoken by the people in this region. The ban is an example of the imposition of the will of the majority on the minority which is against the principle of accommodation under which the Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. However, they amended their constitution to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the country. On the other hand, the ban on speaking French may result in strained relations between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking community.
Another way of Writing.
Q.4.The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate into this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power-sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Answer. The measure of Mayor of Merchtem to ban on French-speaking in the town’s schools near Brussels is unfair. It does not keep with Belgium’s power-sharing arrangement. Power-sharing helps maintain a balance between different sections of society, and in Belgium, there is a need to maintain the power-sharing between Dutch and French to avoid civil unrest. Banning French will promote the tendency of civil unrest. To promote peace among different communities, the Mayor should promote bilingual education system in the town’s schools.
Q.5. Read the following passage, and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this.
“We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream of Mahatma Gandhi, and the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. The Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy – in the hands of the people.
Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption, and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus the Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”
Answer :-The following prudential reasons are cited into the passage for power sharing.
(a) Reducing corruption by giving power into the hands of the people and thus, making them responsible for their own decisions.
(b) Increasing administrative efficiency by delegating the decision-making function to the people affected by it.
(c) Improving the efficiency of the system by reducing the number of middlemen, and transferring the planning and implementation to the people concerned through the Panchayats.
Q.5. Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential
reasons for power sharing offered in this.
“We need to give more power to the
panchayats to realise the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers
of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores
power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy – in the hands of
the people. Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and
increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and
implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally
exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt
middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our
democracy.”
Answer. The prudential reason in the given passage is – “Giving power to
Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative
efficiency.”
Q.6. Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against
power-sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power-sharing and select
the answer using the codes given below? Power-sharing:
A. reduces conflict among different communities
B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness
C. delays the decision-making process
D. accommodates diversities
E. increases instability and divisiveness
F. promotes people’s participation in government
G. undermines the unity of a country
(a) A B D F
(b) A C E F
(c) A B D G
(d) B C D G
Answer. (a) A B D F
Q.7. Consider the following statements about power-sharing arrangements
in Belgium and Sri Lanka.
A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose
their domination on the minority French-speaking community.
B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the
dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority.
C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of
power-sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in
education and jobs.
D. The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal
one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B, C and D
(b) A, B and D
(c) C and D
(d) B, C and D
Answer : (d) B, C and D
Q.8. Match List I (forms of power-sharing) with List-II (forms of government)
and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists:
Answer : (C). B. D. A. C
Q.9. Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select
the answer using the codes given below :
A. Power sharing is good for democracy.
B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
Which of these statements are true and false?
(a) A is true but B is false
(b) Both A and B are true
(c) Both A and B are false
(d) A is false but B is true
Answer : Option b).Both A and B are true
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